PostgreSQL SELECT Statement

This article introduces the basic form of the SELECT statement in PostgreSQL, as well as how to use SELECT statements to query data from tables.

In PostgreSQL, the SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one or more tables and it is perhaps the most widely used statement.

PostgreSQL SELECT Syntax​

Let's start with the basic form of a SELECT statement for retrieving data from a single table.

The syntax of a SELECT statement is shown below:

SELECT
    expr_list
FROM 
    table_name
[other_clauses];

In this syntax:

• SELECT and FROM are keywords.
• expr_list is a list of columns or expressions to select. Multiple columns or expressions need to be separated by commas.
• table_name is the data table to query from.
• FROM table_name is optional. You can omit the FROM clause if you are not querying rows from any table.
• other_clauses are clauses supported by the SELECT statement. The SELECT statement supports many clauses including:
  • Use the DISTINCT operator to select distinct rows.
  • Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows.
  • Use the WHERE clause to filter rows.
  • Use the LIMIT or FETCH clause to select a subset of rows from the table.
  • Use the GROUP BY clause to group rows.
  • Use the HAVING clause to filter groups.
  • Use joins such as INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, CROSS JOIN to join with other tables.
  • Use UNION, INTERSECT and EXCEPT to perform set operations.

Note that SQL keywords are case insensitive. However, it is a good coding practice to write SQL keywords in uppercase for better readability of SQL code.

In this tutorial, we'll focus on the basic usage of the SELECT statement. The usage of other related clauses will be covered in subsequent tutorials.

PostgreSQL SELECT Examples​

Let's look at some examples of using PostgreSQL SELECT statements.

We'll use the customer table from the PostgreSQL Sakila sample database for the demonstration.

Query One Column with PostgreSQL SELECT​

The following SELECT statement finds all customer first names from the customer table:

SELECT first_name FROM customer;

Here is partial output:

first_name
------------  
MARY
PATRICIA
LINDA
BARBARA
ELIZABETH
JENNIFER
MARIA  
SUSAN
MARGARET
DOROTHY

Note that we added a semicolon (;) at the end of the SELECT statement. The semicolon is not part of the SQL statement. It is used to signal the end of the SQL statement to PostgreSQL. Semicolon is also used to separate two SQL statements.

Query Multiple Columns with PostgreSQL SELECT​

If you want to know the customer's first name, last name, and email, you can specify these column names in the SELECT clause as shown in the following query:

SELECT
    first_name,
    last_name,
    email
FROM
    customer; 

Here is partial output:

first_name | last_name |                email                
------------+-----------+-------------------------------------
MARY       | SMITH     | MARY.SMITH@sakilacustomer.org       
PATRICIA   | JOHNSON   | PATRICIA.JOHNSON@sakilacustomer.org
LINDA      | WILLIAMS  | LINDA.WILLIAMS@sakilacustomer.org   
BARBARA    | JONES     | BARBARA.JONES@sakilacustomer.org    
ELIZABETH  | BROWN     | ELIZABETH.BROWN@sakilacustomer.org  
JENNIFER   | DAVIS     | JENNIFER.DAVIS@sakilacustomer.org   
MARIA      | MILLER    | MARIA.MILLER@sakilacustomer.org     
SUSAN      | WILSON    | SUSAN.WILSON@sakilacustomer.org     
MARGARET   | MOORE     | MARGARET.MOORE@sakilacustomer.org   
DOROTHY    | TAYLOR    | DOROTHY.TAYLOR@sakilacustomer.org

Query All Columns from a Table with PostgreSQL SELECT​

If you want to find all columns from the customer table using the SELECT statement, use the following statement:

SELECT * FROM customer;

Here is partial output:

 customer_id | store_id | first_name | last_name |                email                 | address_id | activebool | create_date |     last_update     | active   
-------------+----------+------------+-----------+-------------------------------------+------------+------------+-------------+---------------------+---------
           1 |        1 | MARY       | SMITH     | MARY.SMITH@sakilacustomer.org        |          5 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           2 |        1 | PATRICIA   | JOHNSON   | PATRICIA.JOHNSON@sakilacustomer.org |          6 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           3 |        1 | LINDA      | WILLIAMS  | LINDA.WILLIAMS@sakilacustomer.org   |          7 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           4 |        2 | BARBARA    | JONES     | BARBARA.JONES@sakilacustomer.org    |          8 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           5 |        1 | ELIZABETH  | BROWN     | ELIZABETH.BROWN@sakilacustomer.org  |          9 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           6 |        2 | JENNIFER   | DAVIS     | JENNIFER.DAVIS@sakilacustomer.org   |         10 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           7 |        1 | MARIA      | MILLER    | MARIA.MILLER@sakilacustomer.org     |         11 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           8 |        2 | SUSAN      | WILSON    | SUSAN.WILSON@sakilacustomer.org     |         12 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
           9 |        2 | MARGARET   | MOORE     | MARGARET.MOORE@sakilacustomer.org   |         13 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1
          10 |        1 | DOROTHY    | TAYLOR    | DOROTHY.TAYLOR@sakilacustomer.org   |         14 | t          | 2006-02-14  | 2006-02-15 04:57:20 |       1

In this example, we used the asterisk () in the SELECT clause which is shorthand for all columns. The asterisk () allows us to type less without having to list out all column names in the customer table.

However, using asterisk (*) in SELECT statements is not a good practice for the following reasons:

1. Database performance. Assuming you have a table with lots of columns and large amounts of data, a SELECT statement with asterisk (*) shorthand will select data from all columns of the table which may not be necessary for the application.

2. Application performance. Retrieving unnecessary data from the database increases traffic between the database server and application server. Hence your application's response time may be slower and less scalable.

For these reasons, it is best to explicitly specify column names in the SELECT clause to only get required data from the database.

You should only use the asterisk (*) shorthand for adhoc queries that check database data.

Query with Expressions in PostgreSQL SELECT​

In addition to column names, you can also use expressions in the SELECT statement. The following example uses a SELECT statement to return the full name and email of all customers:

SELECT
    first_name || ' ' || last_name, 
    email
FROM
    customer;

Here is partial output:

     ?column?      |                 email                 
-------------------+-------------------------------------
 MARY SMITH        | MARY.SMITH@sakilacustomer.org
 PATRICIA JOHNSON  | PATRICIA.JOHNSON@sakilacustomer.org  
 LINDA WILLIAMS    | LINDA.WILLIAMS@sakilacustomer.org
 BARBARA JONES     | BARBARA.JONES@sakilacustomer.org
 ELIZABETH BROWN   | ELIZABETH.BROWN@sakilacustomer.org
 JENNIFER DAVIS    | JENNIFER.DAVIS@sakilacustomer.org
 MARIA MILLER      | MARIA.MILLER@sakilacustomer.org
 SUSAN WILSON      | SUSAN.WILSON@sakilacustomer.org
 MARGARET MOORE    | MARGARET.MOORE@sakilacustomer.org
 DOROTHY TAYLOR    | DOROTHY.TAYLOR@sakilacustomer.org   

In this example, we concatenated each customer's first name, space and last name using the string concatenation operator ||.

Calculate Expressions with PostgreSQL SELECT​

If you just want to calculate the result of an expression, you can omit the FROM clause in the SELECT statement. The following SELECT statement is used to calculate the result of 5 * 3:

SELECT 5 * 3;

The output is:

?column?
----------
       15

Conclusion​

In this tutorial, you learned how to use the basic form of PostgreSQL SELECT statements to query data from a single table. You can omit the FROM clause in SELECT statements if you do not need to query data from any table.